Many IPLCs utilise complex traditional marine management systems that limit harvest levels and impacts. They offer useful lessons for more sustainable, ecosystem-focused fishing practices at wider scales. Therefore encouraging the continuation and transmission of these often threatened traditional practices is important for the achievement of this target. This section gives some examples (see also Target 10). Traditional fishing practices can increase the sustainability of the management and harvesting of aquatic species The haenyeo are female divers from a local community on the South Korean Island of Jeju who have been harvesting seaweed and shellfish sustainably since the seventeenth century. In addition to providing employment and economic opportunities for women on the island, their traditional methods of collection represent a form of low-impact, sustainable marine harvesting. Typically, haenyeo work in spring and winter, as they observe seasonal prohibitions to preserve marine stocks. The divers also “clean the sea” by collecting rubbish one day a month and help to maintain the biodiversity of the marine life through re-seeding programs and exercising controls on the quantity of marine products harvested. These methods benefit both the community and the ecosystems they depend upon. Respect for nature is an intrinsic part of the unique shamanistic religion practised on Jeju Island and feeds into the interactions between the haenyeo and the sea they harvest. Enhancing the conservation of aquatic ecosystems through community-based marine sanctuaries and protected areas In the Philippines, community-based marine sanctuaries and marine protected areas control fish catch and harvest and promote traditional fishing practices, in order to ensure long term marine health and food security. However, the experiences of the small community-based marine sanctuaries on Balicasag and Pamilacan Islands demonstrate that it is not realistic for scattered, small no-take areas to try to maintain fish abundance and diversity on surrounding reefs when intensive fishing is occurring immediately adjacent to them. This highlights the limitations of small and isolated MPAs and emphasises the importance of nesting individual MPAs within broader management regimes, with an ultimate focus on national policies supporting overall reductions in fishing quotas and increased networking between MPAs. Examples of national policy decisions supporting the rights of indigenous fishers to sustainably manage aquatic resources include the recent affirmation of commercial fishing rights to Torres Strait Islanders , and increased support for and recognition of the satoumi approach in Japan. Satoumi, a concept encompassing ocean stewardship and traditional local fisheries management and coastal resource use, has been utilised by small communities in Japan over hundreds of years. In addition to mechanisms for the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources, satoumi also includes mechanisms for preserving aquatic ecosystems; in fact it is thought that 30 per cent of the MPAs in Japan are community-based self-imposed no-take zones. The Japanese Government supports satoumi initiatives by awarding exclusive harvest rights to local fishers over specific areas. There is also increasing recognition of the importance of these community initiatives for meeting biodiversity targets, mainstreaming and promoting ecosystem approaches to aquatic resource management.