{"id":3073,"date":"2022-03-13T15:59:25","date_gmt":"2022-03-13T15:59:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/protection-des-terres-et-territoires-procedures-en-justice-deposees-par-les-maya-au-belize\/"},"modified":"2022-03-15T16:00:11","modified_gmt":"2022-03-15T16:00:11","slug":"protection-des-terres-et-territoires-procedures-en-justice-deposees-par-les-maya-au-belize","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/protection-des-terres-et-territoires-procedures-en-justice-deposees-par-les-maya-au-belize\/","title":{"rendered":"Protection des terres et territoires : proc\u00e9dures en justice d\u00e9pos\u00e9es par les Maya, au Belize"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width_background\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbcolumn_reverse\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbcolumn_reverse\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb top_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb12px\u00a0\u00bb top_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; bottom_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb12px\u00a0\u00bb top_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; bottom_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bb12px\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb shape_type=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/2&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Dans le district de Toledo au Belize, qui fait partie de la zone de haute diversit\u00e9 biologique m\u00e9soam\u00e9ricaine, les Maya sont les gardiens d\u2019une superficie de for\u00eats tropicales humides, de savanes et d\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes mar\u00e9cageux estim\u00e9e \u00e0 200,000 hectares.<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Dans chaque village maya, l\u2019utilisation des terres et des ressources se conforme aux pratiques de protection durables, avec des zones r\u00e9serv\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019agriculture, \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation m\u00e9dicinale, \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation spirituelle, \u00e0 la chasse, et \u00e0 la conservation pour pr\u00e9server un bassin versant en bonne sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Le 22 janvier 2001, le gouvernement du Belize a accord\u00e9 une concession exclusive \u00e0 US Capital Energy Belize afin que l\u2019entreprise m\u00e8ne des activit\u00e9s d\u2019exploration p\u00e9troli\u00e8re sur le territoire maya du sud du Belize. Aucune consultation des communaut\u00e9s maya affect\u00e9es n\u2019a eu lieu. La concession couvre 313 906 hectares, y compris toutes les terres traditionnelles maya situ\u00e9es dans le district de Toledo et les terres du Parc national Sarstoon-Temash, qui englobe des terres appartenant aux communaut\u00e9s maya de Crique Sarco, Midway, Sunday Wood, Conejo, et \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 autochtone garifuna de Barranco. En 2014, US Capital Energy Belize a install\u00e9 une plateforme et un appareil de forage dans le parc national, afin de poursuivre les forages d\u2019exploration.<\/p>\n<p>Par ailleurs, en 2011, malgr\u00e9 une injonction du tribunal, le gouvernement a d\u00e9livr\u00e9 des permis d\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re sur les terres des Maya \u00e0 des tiers, sans consulter ou obtenir le consentement du peuple Maya. Des leaders villageois maya ont constat\u00e9 que de grandes quantit\u00e9s de bois \u00e9taient extraites ill\u00e9galement de leur terre pour \u00eatre export\u00e9es vers la Chine ; sept fois plus de bois de rose fut exploit\u00e9 cette ann\u00e9e-l\u00e0 \u00e0 Toledo que la quantit\u00e9 autoris\u00e9e par le D\u00e9partement des for\u00eats. Au d\u00e9part, le gouvernement n\u2019a adopt\u00e9 aucune mesure pour mettre un frein \u00e0 cette exploitation foresti\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale. Deux autres proc\u00e9dures ont r\u00e9cemment \u00e9t\u00e9 entam\u00e9es par l\u2019Alliance des dirigeants maya et d\u2019autres dirigeants l\u00e9s\u00e9s, suite aux incursions sur les terres maya sans consultation ou consentement :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>le gouvernement a saisi une grande parcelle de terres agricoles dans le village de Jalacte pour la construction d\u2019une grande autoroute et des infrastructures qui y sont associ\u00e9es. L\u2019autoroute traverse directement le village et perturbe l\u2019acc\u00e8s de la communaut\u00e9 aux terres agricoles ;<\/li>\n<li>une personne a \u00e9tabli sa r\u00e9sidence \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 d\u2019un site sacr\u00e9 prot\u00e9g\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9 par la communaut\u00e9 comme interdit \u00e0 la construction. Ils ont d\u00e9moli une route au bulldozer puis endommag\u00e9 un temple maya ancien. Ils n\u2019ont pas demand\u00e9 ou re\u00e7u d\u2019autorisation, que ce soit aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement ou de la communaut\u00e9 locale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les Maya ont port\u00e9 ces affaires devant la Cour supr\u00eame du Belize, la Cour carib\u00e9enne de justice, et la Cour interam\u00e9ricaine des droits de l\u2019homme. En 2015, la Cour carib\u00e9enne de justice, la plus haute cour du syst\u00e8me judiciaire du Belize et des Cara\u00efbes, a accord\u00e9 \u00ab l\u2019effet juridique et constitutionnel \u00e0 la relation ombilicale entre le peuple Maya du sud du Belize et la terre et ses ressources qui leur assurent depuis longtemps la subsistance physique et spirituelle, ainsi que celle de leurs anc\u00eatres \u00bb. La d\u00e9cision de la cour a entra\u00een\u00e9 la reconnaissance des droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 collective et individuelle du peuple Maya en vertu des sections 3(d) et 17 de la <em>Constitution du Belize<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/4&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb top_margin=\u00a0\u00bb-70&Prime; 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background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1647186558646{margin-top: -30px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb el_class=\u00a0\u00bbimagecaption\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h6>Un avocat Maya Q&rsquo;eqchi s&rsquo;adresse au Forum permanent des Nations unies sur les questions relatives aux peuples autochtones. Photo : Jamie Malcolm-Brown.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text el_class=\u00a0\u00bbcasestudydetails\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1647186572007{margin-top: 30px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 12px !important;border-top-color: #000000 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h5><strong>Auteure\/Auteur<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Alliance des dirigeants maya<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00a0\u00bbcasestudydetails\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1641997973135{margin-top: 30px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 12px !important;border-top-color: #000000 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h5><strong>\u00c9cosyst\u00e8mes<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>For\u00eats tropicales<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00a0\u00bbcasestudydetails\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1647186605403{margin-top: 30px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 12px !important;border-top-color: #000000 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h5><strong>Th\u00e8mes<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Droits et r\u00e9gime fonciers<\/li>\n<li>Gouvernance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00a0\u00bbcasestudydetails\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1647186618103{margin-top: 30px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 12px !important;border-top-color: #000000 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h5><strong>Type<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Forme courte<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00a0\u00bbcasestudydetails\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1647186629173{margin-top: 30px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 12px !important;border-top-color: #000000 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h5><strong>Date<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Cette \u00e9tude de cas fait partie de LBO-2, publi\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine en 2020.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb shape_type=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb bottom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb24px\u00a0\u00bb bottom_margin_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb24px\u00a0\u00bb bottom_margin_phone=\u00a0\u00bb24px\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/2&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1645197819434{border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 24px !important;border-top-color: #000000 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><strong>Plus d&rsquo;informations<\/strong><\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.equatorinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/MLA-Belize.pdf\">Alliance des Leaders Maya : \u00c9tudes de cas de l&rsquo;Initiative \u00c9quateur<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; 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